Internet Protocol Communication Research Articles

A Security-Enhanced and Ultralightweight Communication Protocol for Internet of Medical Things

A Security-Enhanced and Ultralightweight Communication Protocol for Internet of Medical Things

Network_Protocol_Entity_Extraction_Based_on_Few_shot_Learning

Knowledge Graph is a new way of knowledge collections, and building a protocol knowledge graph on RFCs can help us study and analyse network protocol better. Protocol entity extraction is one of the keys to constructing the network protocol knowledge graph.Because RFC (Request For Comments) contains detailed descriptions of basic Internet communication protocols, the protocol entities of the network can be obtained from it. However, the document format and wording are not uniform, which leads to the inability to complete the extraction task of network protocol entities based on traditional rule information extraction methods. Therefore, this paper proposes a network protocol entity extraction method based on Few-Shot Learning. This method can use a very small amount of labeled samples to extract network protocol entities from a large number of unlabeled samples and maintain high recognition accuracy. This method firstly mines as many potential network protocol entities as possible in the RFC document, and secondly performs accurate re-identification of the identified potential network protocol entities. Experiments show that using 5 manually annotated RFC documents to train our model, the accuracy of network protocol entity extraction reaches 88.4%. Compared with the existing methods, this method has higher accuracy and better robustness in terms of network protocol entity extraction, and it also has better identification ability for network protocol entities that have not appeared in the training set.

Quantum-Safe Secure and Authorized Communication Protocol for Internet of Drones

Quantum-Safe Secure and Authorized Communication Protocol for Internet of Drones

Security and privacy protection communication protocol for Internet of vehicles in smart cities

In recent years, the development of the construction of smart cities and the new generation of information and communication technology have promoted the intelligent urban management and service. The internet of vehicles, as a new basic technology system and industrial field that connects intelligent connected vehicles and smart cities, is constantly developing and maturing. However, the data transmission and management of the internet of vehicles are heavily dependent on the wireless channel, which determines that the wireless channel is vulnerable to conceivable threats such as information leakage and data attack. Therefore, this paper proposes a security and privacy protection communication protocol for internet of vehicles in the smart cities. In terms of security, Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic and Scyther formal verification tool are used for security verification. Through security analysis and performance analysis, this protocol has lower computation and communication costs while achieving higher security.

Comparative Review of Selected Internet Communication Protocols

Abstract With a large variety of communication methods and protocols, many software architects face the problem of choosing the best way for services to share information. For communication technology to be functional and practical, it should enable developers to define a complete set of CRUD methods for the processed data. The research team compared this paper’s most commonly used data transfer protocols and concepts: REST, WebSocket, gRPC GraphQL and SOAP. A set of web servers was implemented in Python, each using one of the examined technologies. Then, the team performed an automated benchmark measuring time and data transfer overhead for a set of defined operations: creating an entity, retrieving a list of 100 entities and fetching details of one entity. Tests were designed to avoid the results being interfered with by database connection or docker-compose environment characteristics. The research team has concluded that gRPC was the most efficient and reliable data transfer method. On the other hand, GraphQL turned out to be the slowest communication method of all. Moreover, its server and client libraries caused the most problems with proper usage in a web server. SOAP did not participate in benchmarking due to limited compatibility with Python and a lack of popularity in modern web solutions.

Design and implementation of an advanced MQTT broker for distributed pub/sub scenarios

MQTT is one of the most popular communication protocols for Internet of Things applications. Based on a publish/subscribe pattern, it relies on a single broker to exchange messages among clients according to topics of interest. However, such a centralized approach does not scale well and is prone to single point of failure risks, calling for solutions where multiple brokers cooperate together in a distributed fashion. In this paper, we present a complete solution for a distributed MQTT broker systems. We target several functional primitives which are key in such a scenario: broker discovery and failure recovery, overlay tree network creation and message routing. Moreover, we also focus on the case where multiple topics are present in the system. In such a scenario, a single tree-based overlay network connecting the different brokers may not be the most efficient solution. To cope with this issue, we propose a topic-based routing scheme for MQTT distributed brokers. The proposed solution creates multiple overlay networks in the distributed system, each one linking together only the brokers whose connected clients have interest in the same topics. We implement the complete system as an extension of the popular HiveMQ MQTT broker and perform several experiments to test its performance in scenarios characterized by a different publishers/subscribers configurations as well as number of topics existing in the system.

Formal Safety Assessment and Improvement of DDS Protocol for Industrial Data Distribution Service

The Data Distribution Service (DDS) for real-time systems is an industrial Internet communication protocol. Due to its distributed high reliability and the ability to transmit device data communication in real-time, it has been widely used in industry, medical care, transportation, and national defense. With the wide application of various protocols, protocol security has become a top priority. There are many studies on protocol security, but these studies lack a formal security assessment of protocols. Based on the above status, this paper evaluates and improves the security of the DDS protocol using a model detection method combining the Dolev–Yao attack model and the Coloring Petri Net (CPN) theory. Because of the security loopholes in the original protocol, a timestamp was introduced into the original protocol, and the shared key establishment process in the original protocol lacked fairness and consistency. We adopted a new establishment method to establish the shared secret and re-verified its security. The results show that the overall security of the protocol has been improved by 16.7% while effectively preventing current replay attack.

Application of Intelligent Solar Panel Repositioning System for Improved Charging of Battery Cells

This study presents intelligent re-calibration of mechanical and power electronic systems to carryout detection of the position of highest sunlight intensity; to intelligently repositioning of the solar panel to that direction for improved charge rate over short time ranges. The study also puts forward an additional feature being the deployment of IoT technology and internet communication protocols to achieve remote battery level monitoring and supply deactivation from an inverter driven by batteries to loads. The system was tested on two premises, the charge time for fixed panel as well as the charge time for sunlight position tracking panel. It was observed that the intelligent repositioning system offered significant reduction in the overall charge time. The battery level monitoring and power supply deactivation intelligence were tested and observed to offer improvements to the overall efficiency of the system.

Automated Speech Audiometry for Integrated Voice Over Internet Protocol Communication Services.

Problems in speech recognition are often apparent in telecommunication situations. For ecologically valid assessments of such conditions, it is important to quantify the impact of real environments including acoustic conditions at a far-end communication device and all paths of transmission degradation. This study presents an automated matrix sentence test procedure based on automatic speech recognition (ASR) integrated in a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) infrastructure and compares the individual effects of transmission degradations with results from laboratory measurements. Speech recognition thresholds (SRTs) were measured in 16 normal-hearing subjects in four test conditions: (a) a laboratory condition guided by a human experimenter, (b) a laboratory condition with reduced bandwidth and (c) additionally reduced headset quality to simulate typical communication systems, and (d) an automated, ASR-controlled adaptive test procedure over a real VoIP infrastructure. Errors of the ASR system were analyzed to show possible effects on measurement outcome Results: Measured SRTs showed a highly significant correlation (r = .93) between the fully automatic and "laboratory" conditions, with a constant bias of about 1 dB indicating a linear shift of the data without affecting the distribution around the mean. The individual impact of the different system degradations on SRTs could be quantified Conclusions: This study provides a proof of concept for automated ASR-based SRT measurements over VoIP systems for speech audiometric testing in real communication systems, as it produced results comparable to traditional laboratory settings for this group of 16 normal-hearing subjects. This makes VoIP services a promising candidate for speech audiometric testing in real communication systems.

A Comprehensive Survey of Internet of Things Applications, Threats, and Security Issues

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel way of providing a wide range of solutions. The IoT includes a variety of small smart devices. Their use, size, power, and computation power distinguish them from other devices. Due to the fact that the most of Internet technologies and communication protocols have not been intended to function with the IoT, there are numerous security concerns. The digitalization of the Internet of Things has also raised concerns about safety, privacy, cyber-attacks, and organised crime of the IoT has also prompted public safety concerns about privacy, cyber-attacks, and organised crime. This paper aims to include a full overview of edge-side security threats and countermeasures for people who want to learn more about security and add value to its improvement. This layer is divided into three levels: We'll begin by discussing three prominent IoT reference models, as well as security. Second, we will discuss the promising applications of the IoT as well as the motivations of hackers who seek to take advantage of this new technology. Third, we'll take a look at some of the most serious threats. Fourth, we discuss possible countermeasures.

ThingSpeak Sunucusunu Kullanarak Sıcaklık ve Nem Bilgisini İzleme

The aim of this study is to measure the temperature and humidity of the environment using a convenient sensor, to process the measured values in a data storage center with a Wi-Fi module internet communication protocol, and to observe & monitor the processed data. In the study, Atmel Atmega328 processor is used as a microcontroller, DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor is used to measure temperature and humidity, and ESP8266 serial Wi-Fi module is used for internet connection. By using the connection between the processor and the computer, the data is transferred to ThingSpeak, which is a data storage server. Parameters and desired parameter units have been determined for the measured values whether locked or open channel which is created according to preferences in ThingSpeak server. The temperature and humidity values are gathered at a specified time interval, and they are graphed over ThingSpeak, along with the time when the measurement take place, and observations are made.

Development of an ESP-32 Microcontroller Based Weather Reporting Device

This study presents a novel approach to incorporating technology into an intelligent weather station. In recent years, the nation has experienced a decline in agricultural activities due to the change in climate causing lot of danger in the farm output; this enables the weather forecaster to actually prescribe disaster by employing the use of temperature, humidity and light sensors which senses the temperature and humidity in the atmosphere. A tipping bucket is used to measure the amount of rainfall with an ESP-32 microcontroller which displays results through a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and then send it to the registered number and at the same time is been sent to cloud for easy retrieval purpose using the internet which can be retrieved from any location. This system is designed primarily for use in the school meteorological stations, it is also applicable in various weather stations. The primary goal is to create a low-cost intelligent system for storing data obtained by measuring various physical parameters in the atmosphere, such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall. An ESP-32 is used as the technology for storing measured data; it is an advanced and efficient solution for connection to the Internet. The intelligent weather station system is built around the following steps: direct environmental sensing, data measurement and storage, and allowing users to access the results through the cloud. The system is built around a collection of embedded sensors, and a microcontroller serving as the system's core and server, and wireless internet communication protocol. The results were sent to the cloud, where they are displayed in a tabular and graphical format; these results can be retrieved from the cloud into an excel file.

Internet of Things (IoT): Security, Threats and Countermeasures

Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that is very popular lately and is starting to get busy in Indonesia, marked by various cellphone manufacturers building an IoT ecosystem. IoT can help connect objects such as sensors, vehicles, hospital instruments, household appliances and others. However, connecting these smart devices to the internet network causes various data security problems because internet technology and communication protocols have not been specifically designed to support IoT devices. The leakage of data security through the commercialization of IoT devices, causes privacy problems, threats of cyber-attacks, and organized crime. This paper aims to educate about how data security attacks in IoT and how to overcome them. To achieve this goal, we first discuss various well-known IoT reference models and define security in the context of IoT. Second, identify and classify various IoT attacks and threats. Third, described methods of countermeasures against IoT attacks. In the end, it provides some tips on securing IoT devices.

Delay-reliability-aware protocol adaption and quality of service guarantee for message queuing telemetry transport-empowered electric Internet of things

Message queuing telemetry transport has emerged as a promising communication protocol for resource-constrained electric Internet of things due to high bandwidth utilization, simple implementation, and various quality of service levels. Enabled by message queuing telemetry transport, electric Internet of things gateways adopt dynamic protocol adaptation, conversion, and quality of service level selection to realize bidirectional communication with massive devices and platforms based on heterogeneous communication protocols. However, protocol adaptation and quality of service guarantee in message queuing telemetry transport-empowered electric Internet of things still faces several challenges, such as unified communication architecture, differentiated quality of service requirements, lack of quality of service metric models, and incomplete information. In this paper, we first establish a unified communication architecture for message queuing telemetry transport-empowered electric Internet of things for adaptation and conversion of heterogeneous protocols. Second, we formulate the quality of service level selection optimization problem to minimize the weighted sum of packet-loss ratio and delay. Then, a delay-reliability-aware message queuing telemetry transport quality of service level selection algorithm based on upper confidence bound is proposed to learn the optimal quality of service level through dynamically interacting with the environment. Compared with single and fixed quality of service level selection strategies, delay-reliability-aware message queuing telemetry transport quality of service level selection can effectively reduce the weighted sum of delay and packet-loss ratio and satisfy the differentiated quality of service requirements of electric Internet of things.

Elhik’s Metamathematics and the robot Philia: Internet Communication Protocol Modelling of Observeds according to Observers

Like all robot and IoT oriented mathematical studies this study is also transdisciplinary however most of the study remains in the field of mathematics and philosophy of mathematics due to the aim of mathematical modelling of the observations: a) protein synthesis by the information encoded in DNA and b) communication protocols of hacking software with encryption of IP of computers c) the process of DNA duplication to offspring formation in asexual and sexual reproduction. The ultimate mathematical aim of this study is providing a metamathematical approach for different types of mathematics to be utilized in information sciences by forced or free choice of artificial intelligence driven technological beings and computational systems. This study is biomathematically inspired from protein synthesis, cellular reproduction, DNA duplication, bacterial simple cell division, bacterial sex and zygote formation in human and mammalian fertilization; and all are modelled as moving pieces of quantized information. The ultimate robotic aim is finding an algorithm for data off-springs, thus the formation of the data-offspring in the form of living being off-springs’ DNA is chosen to be mathematically described. For this purpose, a new mathematics with new mathematical operations and a definition to mathematics are postulated, together with twelve postulations about the real-life observations. The introduced Aydan operation is synthesizing fuzzy logic based mathematical existence possibilities into abstract formal logic based abstract mathematical categories to be analyzed with additional color codes for each object, whereas deAydan operation is doing the opposite by analyzing a given synthesis. There is a coexistence of mathematical objects and operators in the biological cells. The co-existence of objects and mathematical operations in a given mathematics M, are axiomatically chosen to be a satisfiability rule for M to be accepted as mathematics in the form of a universal set isolated from other universal sets. Aydan function can be used for hacking other AI by deviating its results by merging them with forced formal logic based analytic input by another hacking software, and deAydan function can be used as anti-hack in the opposite direction. The metamathematical existence degree of a given mathematics is shown to be between zero and infinite dimensions. ELHIK is an abbreviation of the words El Harizmi and Immanuel Kant.

Recent Trends in IoT : A review

The first wave of the internet revolution came in with the growth of personal computers and in the second wave the internet came right onto our palms that is with the advent of mobile devices and here we are, living the third wave where all electronics devices are almost already connected to internet or will be in the near future. We are quickly going into another universe of computing and network. Machines with sensors and sensors catching information sending this data to distributed storage for additional and future use and this cycle in the area of science and innovation many are calling as "The Internet of Things". Machine to machine, machine to system, machine to condition, the Internet of everything, the web of clever things, sharp structure — call it as the need might arise, but it's going on, and its future open doors is enormous and huge. In this paper, we seek to highlight the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) in general, as well as reviewing the main challenges of the IoT environment by focusing on the recent research directions in this topic. Recently, IoT has emerged as a new technology that is used to express a modern wireless telecommunication network, and it can be defined as an intelligent and interoperability node interconnected in a dynamic global infrastructure network, also it seeks to implement the connectivity concept of anything from anywhere at any time. They range widely in use, size, energy capacity, and computation power. However, the integration of these smart things into the standard Internet introduces several security challenges because the majority of Internet technologies and communication protocols were not designed to support IoT.

ASCP-IoMT: AI-Enabled Lightweight Secure Communication Protocol for Internet of Medical Things

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a unification of smart healthcare devices, tools, and software, which connect various patients and other users to the healthcare information system through the networking technology. It further reduces unnecessary hospital visits and the burden on healthcare systems by connecting the patients to their healthcare experts (i.e., doctors) and allows secure transmission of healthcare data over an insecure channel (e.g., the Internet). Since Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a great impact on the performance and usability of an information system, it is important to include its modules in a healthcare information system, which will be very helpful for the prediction of some phenomena, such as chances of getting a heart attack and possibility of a tumor, from the collected and analysed healthcare data. To mitigate these issues, in this paper, a new AI-enabled lightweight, secure communication scheme for an IoMT environment has been designed and named as ASCP-IoMT, in short. The security analysis of ASCP-IoMT is performed in different ways, such as an informal way and a formal way (through the random oracle model). ASCP-IoMT performs better than other similar schemes and provides superior security with extra functionality features as compared those for the existing state of art solutions. A practical implementation of ASCP-IoMT is also performed in order to measure its impact on various network performance parameters. The end to end delay values of ASCP-IoMT are 0.01587, 0.07440 and 0.17097 seconds and the throughput values of ASCP-IoMT are 5.05, 10.88 and 16.41 bps under the different considered cases, respectively. For AI-based Big data analytics phase, the values of computation time (seconds) for decision tree, support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression are measured as 0.19, 0.23, and 0.27, respectively. Moreover, the different values of accuracy for decision tree, SVM and logistic regression are 84.24%, 87.57%, and 85.20%, respectively. From these values, it is clear that decision tree method requires less time than the other considered techniques, whereas accuracy is high in case of SVM.

An Effective Communication Prototype for Time-Critical IIoT Manufacturing Factories Using Zero-Loss Redundancy Protocols, Time-Sensitive Networking, and Edge-Computing in an Industry 4.0 Environment

The Industrial Internet of things (IIoT), the implementation of IoT in the industrial sector, requires a deterministic, real-time, and low-latency communication response for its time-critical applications. A delayed response in such applications could be life-threatening or result in significant losses for manufacturing plants. Although several measures in the likes of predictive maintenance are being put in place to prevent errors and guarantee high network availability, unforeseen failures of physical components are almost inevitable. Our research contribution is to design an efficient communication prototype, entirely based on internet protocol (IP) that combines state-of-the-art communication computing technologies principles to deliver a more stable industrial communication network. We use time-sensitive networking (TSN) and edge computing to increase the determinism of IIoT networks, and we reduce latency with zero-loss redundancy protocols that ensure the sustainability of IIoT networks with smooth recovery in case of unplanned outages. Combining these technologies altogether brings more effectiveness to communication networks than implementing standalone systems. Our study results develop two experimental IP-based industrial network communication prototypes in an intra-domain transmission scenario: the first one is based on the parallel zero-loss redundancy protocol (PRP) and the second one using the high-availability seamless zero-loss redundancy protocol (HSR). We also highlight the benefits of utilizing our communication prototypes to build robust industrial IP communication networks with high network availability and low latency as opposed to conventional communication networks running on seldom redundancy protocols such as Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP) or Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) with single-point of failure and delayed recovery time. While our two network communication prototypes—HSR and PRP—offer zero-loss recovery time in case of a single network failure, our PRP communication prototype goes a step further by providing an effective redundancy scheme against multiple link failures.

A New Efficient Architecture for Adaptive Bit-Rate Video Streaming

The demand for multimedia content over the Internet protocol network is growing exponentially with Internet users’ growth. Despite high reliability and well-defined infrastructure for Internet protocol communication, Quality of Experience (QoE) is the primary focus of multimedia users while getting multimedia contents with flawless or smooth video streaming in less time with high availability. Failure to provide satisfactory QoE results in the churning of the viewers. QoE depends on various factors, such as those related to the network infrastructure that significantly affects perceived quality. Furthermore, the video delivery’s impact also plays an essential role in the overall QoE that can be made efficient by delivering content through specialized content delivery architectures called Content Delivery Networks (CDNs). This article proposes a design that enables effective and efficient streaming, distribution, and caching multimedia content. Moreover, experiments are carried out for the factors impacting QoE, and their behavior is evaluated. The statistical data is taken from real architecture and analysis. Likewise, we have compared the response time and throughput with the varying segment size in adaptive bitrate video streaming. Moreover, resource usage is also analyzed by incorporating the effect of CPU consumption and energy consumption over segment size, which will be counted as effective efforts for sustainable development of multimedia systems. The proposed architecture is validated and indulged as a core component for video streaming based on the use case of a Mobile IPTV solution for 4G/LTE Users.

VISUALISASI DATA SENSOR PADA SISTEM PEMANTAUAN SUHU DAN KELEMBABAN RUANGAN BERBASIS ANTARMUKA WEB

The internet of things technology has become one technology that plays a role in the industrial revolution 4.0. Not only limited to the data communication between devices over internet protocol communication data networks, but on the IoT device is also need the proper interface to visualize the sensor data which has received by the server node, and with that result, the user can understand easily and get insight from those data which has an exchange or communicate each other on the system. In the previous research by Yuliantoro, et. al., the IoT device was designed only to communicate to other devices, where the web server as a server node was designed to receive the sensor data. The design of the visualize system in this research, designed by the PHP script and web server which is connected to the NodeMCU in a wireless local area network or WLAN. The sensor data from NodeMCU sent to the server, then the result will be shown visually by the website interface. Based on the results of this study, the visualized data has been shown the full sensor data, with the delay is following the delay of the NodeMCU, 60 seconds.